فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، بهار 1390)

Food loses is one of the main challenges in third countries.The strategic of agriculture is very important in GNP in our country so this is useful for reduling food loses and increasing agriculture produts, making jobs, developing exporting none-oil production and food security. Due to factors such as high per Captia consumption of rice the possibility of agricalturre of rice in specific climatic coudition and rice is Considered. as one of strategic production(Tavalaei. 1375.18) In this research in to consideration the important role of agricultural mechanization in farming of this production paddy case study of 10 rural municipalities from of rice field and farms mechanized caltivation of erditionall Calture, yield and rice production wastes is located. The results showed that yield of treditonal rice farms is 4/8 and in mechanized farms is 5/3 tons per hectar. and cost waste per unit surface in mechanized and traditional farms Respectively is, 2.181,301 and 3,352, 039 rials. In creased yield in mechanized farms to traditional farms is broader levels affected by the mechanization of agricaltuer and traditional varieties application. waste reduction of production of mechanized fram is based on mechanization which is parially affected by the increased yield(Bajvar, 1383.20) He it is the main foundation of divition of villages and house holds is in tomechanized and traditional by the cnteria of the In ternational Rice Research Institute that is desired the carrent conditions and scope of the study and it showed that the only differnc between mechanized and traditional shalikaran is implanting and harvesting operation. Considering the importance of fram area inusing agricultural machines in the present study of the lands is classified in two four groups: Less than one hectar. -1-3 hectars.3-5 hectars-More than 5 heectars. In taditional villages, farms were not more than 5 hectars. So Comparison traditional and mechanized farms among the three group took less than five hectares.

Nowadays in my country are carried settlement designs for well – being on quality of nomads households life. This designs includes nomad's settlement at Nazdasht in Sarbisheh. In this paper, we will follow effects of settlement in economic and social measurements by search and comparison in changes of income, saving, literacy and welfare than before setting. This research is practical and descriptive – analytic and for attains to goals use survey and attributive methods. Results show that changes of income and annual saving do not growth and even, life of nomads was been better than before settlement. By settlement has growth chance to welfare and following up has growth ability. Indeed settlement effect to literacy is non-straight.

Considering the natural and historical evolution of city management in Iranian cities which started as Baladieh (Municipalities) and societies throughout the years prior to the victory of the Islamic revolution, one can mention the significant role city management and city societies, or what is now called city councils, play in the improvement of urban spaces. Islamic city and village councils were established around the end of 1977 and began its practice soon after in Ordibehesht 1378; this way, a new institution was introduced into the exiting institutions and organizations dealing with city management. Though one may think about city council and municipality as enjoying similar roles within the structure of city management- and of course, this is the case with them in developed countries- city councils in Iran do not have such a position. So, what is the position of Islamic city council in city management? So as to answer the above research question, the researcher employed descriptive and interpretive methodologies; here, city management and Islamic city councils in general and Islamic city council of Pishva city in particular were studied. In the review of literature, the researcher investigates three parts: first, various concepts such as city, management, and city management were studied; second, different theories like political economics, city neighborhood, city bureaucracy, and alike were reviewed; and third, various perspectives about city councils were studied. In the experimental stage, two hypotheses were examined: the first was related to the laws proposed by city council as to the management of the cities; and the second was about the degree to which city council appreciates people’s cooperation in planning city management. The results revealed that: Today, the place of city council within the structure of city and village management is to a great extent ambiguous; in other words, in case no change is done in the present structures of city council, realization of a single city management and increasing people’s cooperation in planning city management issues will be far from reality.

This Study investigates the urban hierarchy and its changes in Kurdistan province during 50 years ago. The research which has used descriptive-analytical method, begins with two essential questions that; what is the current Patten of urban hierarchy considering the urban places in the province? And can we detect a sign of primate city? The method used here is based on the application of "four city index" and "the rank-size adjusted model of Behforooz". According to the Behforooz adjusted rank-size model and the log distribution of rank-size the following results were obtained: the primate city character is the main feature of the urban network from 1956 to 2006 which the city of Sannadaj had 65 percent of the population of the province in 1956 i.e. 3 folds of the second city. But the urban system of the province experienced a more balanced transition in the recent years and now the primate city character of Sannadaj does not harm the other cities of the area. The study revealed that the establishment of 11 new towns in between 1996 to 2006 had an effective impact on the city distribution. So investment in smaller urban centers can maintain the present situation or distribute population to other urban places.

Geomorphology maps, can have a total, Fast and direct view from different forms of earth topography in authority for natural re source engineers and civil engineers. Glossing this maps in locate and pre paration for every area will help to the programmers. In this article by using Landsat 2002 ETM (Ahvaz) as a research instruments and Arc GIS on various grounds as a work way orohydrography maps, (topography, water network) Lithology- orohydrography Map including: (Faults, Anticlines) and Geomorphology map of phenomenons and Land Forms (sandy hills, Quaternary sediments and terrace,…) are made and gloss.

Today, the tourism industry as a clean, healthy and income generation is known throughout the world. Local governments in line with tourism development, identifying historical attractions, cultural, natural and. .., the action plan should be strategic to thereby, a way to exploit the potential of existing paved formation. City of Gorgan (Golestan Province), one of the tourist spots in the East Caspian absorber is located in the path due to the passing pilgrims of Imam Reza, annually, open to many tourists inside and outside the country. Despite the tourism potential of the city and enjoying the natural riches too, Gorgan tourism industry requires serious attention of managers and officials are related to the maximum exploitation of this potential comes to action. The aim of the study methods applied in terms of the nature and method is descriptive. The present study aimed at feasibility of tourism capabilities of Gorgan, first, a list of strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats of tourism area using questionnaires and interviews with management and Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Golestan province, in order to identify and prioritize internal factors affecting tourism Gorgan (strengths and weaknesses), external factors (opportunities and threats) and strategy, the method of SWOT and PEST analysis are used. The results of the research shows that tourism Gorgan, in terms of internal and external factors and conditions are appropriate is above average because the final score of external factors together, 2/91 and the final score of the sum of internal factors, 2/75 is the number 2/5 is larger. Finally, given the focus points of the mean and standard deviation of matrix elements in a plaid internal and external (IE), optimal strategies of Gorgan tourism between developed strategies, choice, priorities were suggested.

Urban old textures are the vulnerable confines in the term of environmental hazards beside and the environmental, functional and social-economic weaknesses in the other hand. Today nearly to 50 percent of settlement unites in Tehran city have several social and economical problems that require the rehabilitation and improvement programs. This area includes 40 percent of poor population. The studies show that old fabrics areas contains 817 thousand blocks that considerable needs to survey of strategies and solving those problems. Aim of this article is classification of old and deteriorated fabrics types of Tehran based on the 22 zones and physical criteria. The result shows that urban blocks that has whole three criteria includes 5035 blocks and 2582 hectares, are considerable area and platform selection for these, that have many historical and cultural values, beside physical approach needful socio-economical approaches.

Create a hierarchy of rural settlements with good graft function, always as one of the most important concerns of the authorities and planners in the field of rural development and is. But while in recent decades, rural development planning system in Iran of the process was not stable and coherent and comprehensive system approach and lack of attention and lack of influential factors responsible natural, social, cultural and economic programs simultaneously Construction causes formation of unbalanced spatial system has been in rural areas. Due primarily to the size and sustainability indicators for grading settlements with major funding instability can identify early stage of pathology and rural planning essential for achieving hierarchical link of the rural settlements and function is desirable. This article provides a comprehensive framework and method to select appropriate indicators and measure and evaluate sustainability to grading system of settlements and achieving a balanced hierarchy is in rural areas. So first literary expression of sustainability, measure and evaluate the methods discussed and then the desired articles rural settlement Komijan County test and has been introduced. Data collected through the questionnaire sample size 430 patients and analysis of data by using Shannon entropy analysis of multiple criteria programming deal is done. Since the main goal of sustainable development research in order to assess the level scheme is in rural areas, the results obtained from different steps programming model shows that the agreement between the rural settlement Komijan County, Khenjin, Imam Darwishan, Samghavr and Mahmoud Abad villages at high levels and Sluklu, Rastgardan, Rushanaie and Chalmiyan villages were stable at low levels. With this interpretation of the situation awareness and understanding of sustainability in rural areas the situation could play an important role in improving management and planning and optimal allocation of resources to create a hierarchy of rural settlements with the graft and function is desirable.

The mazandaran’s prorince have a position phisicaly vary good with costals beautiful and the other wise the high Alborze Mautain have a good potentials and a special phisicaly or land scape. The small province lorijan have a warms water springs, produce of the Activicaly volcanic damavand have the special position in the attvactiveness’s province troisme and ecotorisme, and the small province larijane. The subject attvactivess provinee’s torism and ecotorisme of the difficult subject’s phisicaly in eluding: phisicaly land seapes, costals, forosts, and warms water spring. The guidance and proposal’s very aetivity the provice’s potenisal’s attvactiveness capital and grouth of the case important.

Urban network puts the collection of cities in spesial geographical space, and in studies of meropolises it is possible to consideration the urban area as a new term. Since 1388 with approval of high council of urbanism and architecture, Hamedan connected to collection metropolises of Iran. In this study with state the standards and octamerous indexes of metropolises in Iran with models of sizerank, conection index and communication and also local coefficients(industry and services), the researcher, reached to this conclusion that, Hamedan has the capacity to be a metropolis whit the results has gained in a urban collection whit cities such as Marianaj, Joraghan, Saleh Abad, Bahar, Lalejin, whit a 45 kilometers operational range. In order to increase the power of this urban collection whit calculate index occupation employment in services section such as tourism whit a special operational rangeneeds to capitalize in sections mentioned in this stuby is a necessity.

Nowadays because of increasing growth of urban communities and overall extension of human activities, environmental protection plays the important role in sustainable development. Urban sewages are the most important reason of underground water and soil pollution. Iran country with average 255 mm rainfall involve almost one-third of world rainfall. At central regions of Iran in which rainfall rate is lower than 100 mm, reutilizing sewage is of two-fold importance. Meybod is among desert regions of cities in which the establishment of urban sewage network is necessary with maximum 70 mm rainfall, and our hypothesis is based on this fact that the site considered for establishing urban sewage works isn’t suitable according to urban sustainable development. The method of this study is descriptive, analytic and modular. whole results obtained show that this study case isn’t possible because of noncompliance of the positioning standards in development of sewage works in the suggested place.

Doing some urban studies based on social justice in recent years has been known as of important approaches. Various indexes are studied in this approach and since any fundamental changes without attention to skilled human resources is not possible so taking advantage of services is dependent to education which is an essential index. Non equal growth in Zahedan has caused non social equality specially in educational facilities among citizens. This study, by the help of descriptive –analysis method, has studied the accessibility rate of educational facilities in Zahedan in recent years. The results shows that the distribution of educational facilities follows a unbalanced pattern in area number 2 because Gini coefficient in the beginning was G=0.985 but it is G=0.978 in destination year which reveals a higher difference in accessibility of educational centers in different areas in a nine-year period(1380-1388). The city is going toward unbalanced, consequently non equality in social justice in permanent development.

Afghanistan Occupation after 9/11 attacks of Al-Qaida terrorists provided opportunities for US statesmen, wanted to see the dream of monopole world after down of USSR and bipolar world in accordance with Fukuyama’s ideas. Thinkers like Fukuyama believed American liberal thought would be universally accepted. Afghanistan strategic situation seemed to be suitable for US ambitions because on one hand Afghanistan could be a gorge to put pressure on Russia, Iran, China and India. And on the other hand, Taliban’s violent view toward women rights, and US action against spreading narcotics would be justifications for America’s moral presence. Also, US claim to support human right could be counted evidently. However, Afghanistan was occupied in 2001; the war’s continuing after 9 years apparent victories and changing the administrator in White House. Among the consequences of the occupation, we can consider presence of NATO’s forces, prolonging the war, not completely suppression of Taliban’s forces, and proliferation of insecurity in Pakistan, voiding Afghan Mujahidin's forces and taking the power by pro-western Afghans. The new geopolitics and its impact on Iran’s national security in short and long terms are studied in the article.

Ahwaz has been owned special bio-climate conditions that are based on locating in a special geography location, topography conditions and the atmosphere effective conditions on the area. Thus the air temperature in the coldest month of a year raises to 7/2 C and in the hottest month of a year sometimes is more than 46/3 C. So, the necessity of survey the climate conditions in relationship to the design of building for reducing these problems. So it uses the synoptic data and survey the bio – climate condition of Ahwaz and the below results have been achieved: For benefiting of the climate condition in the building, the condition of different kinds of building has been drawn on the diagram of the path of sun move according to the geographical width of Ahwaz. According to the facility scale of texture (Penvarden), it is recognized that if the wind below by the speed lower than 1.5 m/s and the shadow condition, the suitable conditions will be arise in this spaces. According to the monthly quadruplet tables of Ahwaz climate condition, it is recognized that the complex buildings are better which are include the compact texture. Moreover, for the distance between buildings, it must be determined based on the shadow. The direction of them must be north – south. It means longer axis of building must be east- west, it make possibility of beneficently of solar energy during warm term of year. The widow dimensions must be about 15- 25 % space of building visage. Building stuffs of external and internal walls and ceiling must be heavy and with the delay time more than 8 hours and the place for sleeping must be consider for 2 months of year.